2016年3月15日 星期二

《伊朗的士笑看人生》 這不是電影,是態度


2015柏林影展金熊獎得獎電影《伊朗的士笑看人生》,拍片遭禁的電影導演成為計程車司機,邀約觀眾一起搭上他的車,看一場場穿梭在現實社會中,荒謬卻又真實的電影。本片為伊朗導演賈法潘納希(Jafar Panahi)2010年被捕並被禁拍以來,所創作的第三部劇情長片,史無前例地探討了影像在現代社會中扮演的角色。



拍片遭禁的電影導演成為計程車司機,邀約觀眾一起搭上他的車,看一場場穿梭在現實社會中,荒謬卻又真實的電影。 在這個移動攝影棚中,導演將攝像機放在儀表板上,通過這次有趣而戲劇的旅程,紀錄了伊朗社會的精神風貌。

伊朗著名導演約化巴納希(Jafar Panahi)這次以《伊朗的士笑看人生》打入柏林影展,甚至憑這部僅八十二分鐘的「偷拍」電影贏得金熊獎,再次證明電影最重要的還是意念與態度。

演好了角色就不需演
巴納希被指「進行反政府宣傳」,多年來被軟禁在家,又被禁拍電影至2030年,他選擇以「這不是電影」的形式,拍了一部幾可亂真、嚴肅又不失幽默、有態度之作。

《伊朗的士笑看人生》講述巴納希化身的的士司機,在車內安裝了幾個「防盜裝置」的鏡頭,然後在半天內接載不同的乘客。劇情就發生在這些乘客身上。經過巴納希的「精心佈局」,乘客們來自社會不同階層,有普通的上班族與教師辯論如何處置壞份子;有思索如何拍出好電影的年輕學生;有賣盜版碟卻崇拜巴納希的小矮人;有忠心於信仰,誓要在「吉時」把「被選中的金魚」放回湖中的老婦人;當然不少得是對社會及電影生態充滿疑問,而且人細鬼大的巴納希侄女。

他們既是演員,也不是演員,畢竟若不尋根究底,誰又會去懷疑女律師不是那個幫助過導演的女律師?誰又會去質疑那個偷錢的撿垃圾小男孩是一名演員?誰又會去懷疑一直強調被撞傷的丈夫流出來的血是假的?演員的最高境界莫過於此,演好了角色就不再需要「演」戲了。


加上這部電影只是由幾部小型的車內鏡頭拍出影像,可以說是「沒有在演戲」的鏡頭,劇裡的演員都是乘客,巴納希又的確是那個巴納希,而他又的確是在當一個的士司機,他的侄女又的確是他的侄女,所以當大家問到底這部電影憑甚麼拿到了柏林影展金熊獎?答案就是憑巴納希還未說任何道理之前,先重新讓我們思考甚麼是電影,讓大家知道電影可以怎樣拍、可以怎樣塑造。技術而言,巴納希就是把「直接電影」(direct cinema)的形式在劇情片中玩到了極致。

在「直接電影」中,鏡頭作為旁觀者,不干涉也不影響事情的進行,只作靜默式的紀錄,排斥一切可能破壞生活原本形態的主觀介入,不打燈拍攝,不重演事件,也拒絕採訪。巴納希在影片裡同時以兩種身份出現在鏡頭前,既是演員,也是導演,他駕駛的士,開啟對話,訪問演員,不過是在鏡頭裡。所以「真實電影」(cinéma vérité)的技巧也同時出現在這部電影中。多種來自拍紀錄片的電影技巧用在劇情片時的混雜,就成了巴納希的電影風格。

今日不知明日事
第一位男士與女教師在對壞份子的處分作出了辯論,伊朗是僅次中國內地,死刑率最高的國家,巴納希沒有對此作出評論,然而在電影中段,透過小侄女的數碼相機,他讓觀眾重新思考傳聞或新聞背後的多樣可能性。男士與女教師不過是透過一則文字或聽聞,口頭定斷壞份子的生死去留,這樣是不公平以及妄斷的做法。巴納希讓我們看見撿垃圾的小男孩,他屬於低下階層,偷偷撿起上流人士掉下的錢,這樣對於上流人士來說並無任何影響,相反對於小男孩的家庭卻是莫大幫助。這時候,站在道德高地的平民就開始他們的爭論了。

被撞傷的伊朗男士與他的妻子最讓我印象深刻,這一段亦是讓全場笑聲不斷的情節。妻子的傷痛,可以從她驚天地泣鬼神的哭聲中聽到,然而她後來不斷打給巴納希,緊張地要求巴納希必須把男士的遺言錄音拷貝給她,還留下名句︰「今日不知明日事。」笑聲是源於妻子的矛盾行為,她看待遺書彷彿比丈夫的生命更為緊張,我看起來反而為伊朗女性感到慨嘆。因為傳統的宗教關係,伊朗女性一直處於劣勢,她們必須依靠自己才能在社會過得更好。

小侄女的「動人愛情故事」在電影末段與此呼應︰一對父母反對女兒與男孩交往,甚至把男孩趕出家門,女方的朋友更把男孩毆打了好幾頓,但男孩仍然苦苦守候。小侄女把故事紀錄了下來,被巴納希問到為何不使用它作為功課時,她回答說︰「這種『骯髒的現實主義』怎可以公開播放?你作為導演,不會不知道吧?」所以妻子的「算死草」我們並沒有感到討厭,而是感到出奇地有趣。

骯髒的現實主義
賣盜版碟的人把巴納希帶到一個中產電影系學生的家門。這人一眼就認出了巴納希。伊朗是文化審查嚴重的地方,很多電影不會上映,正規影視店也不會售賣,取而代之,盜版事業一直有需求。所以沒了盜版業者,伊朗愛好電影的人,包括巴納希,「連 Woody Allen 也沒得看」,所以賣盜版也真算是「文化活動」,極端點說,沒有他們,可能真的未必有成功的伊朗導演,最少中產電影學生失去了不少學習機會。學生也抓住了與大導演對話的寶貴時機,問怎樣去找靈感。巴納希在這裡對新一代電影人作出了呼籲,表示電影書和其他電影已經是別人寫過、拍過的了,應該從別的地方找尋靈感。

可能我們聽著沒甚麼感覺,但看見小侄女的學校是如此教導學生時,又怎能夠不擔心?洗腦就是讓人還未有感覺時已慢慢潛移默化。小侄女要求偷錢的小男孩把錢放回去,動機並非出於「向善」,而是讓自己的影片不包含「骯髒的現實主義」,符合老師要求的「電影原則」。有人的地方就有政治,有政治的地方就會有審查,審查是必定的存在,問題是出在「自我審查」,尤其是人們不經不覺間把「自我審查」變成習慣,為「自我審查」進行自我慰解。小侄女已經開始質疑巴納希了,當「好人」只可以帶伊斯蘭教的名字以及必須打領帶,電影成為政治機器的日子還遠嗎?


關不住再吶喊
談完社會道德,談完電影生態,導演接載了女律師朋友,探討起抗命的代價。女律師拿起一束鮮花,去探望一位獄中的異見女孩。女孩正在絕食,政府卻要求女孩及其家長撰寫聲明說她並沒有絕食。官方對異見人士的逼害去到這個程度,伸張正義的女律師也沒能逃過厄運,表示執照有被吊銷的危機。巴納希也談起自己從關牢到獲釋的「後遺症」︰他經常聽到一把聲音──審問官的聲音。

趁著巴納希去歸還錢包,背向鏡頭的剎那,兩名黑衣小偷打破的士的窗,想偷走裡面的東西,卻找不到車內鏡頭的記憶棒去刪除影片。電影中的「的士」作為「電影」的化身,它雖然能承載豐富而真實的內容,然而它是脆弱的,只要一不小心,就會被背後陰險的人所破壞。但同時,它,也是關不住的。

Taxi (2015 film)
Directed by Jafar Panahi
Produced by Jafar Panahi
Written by Jafar Panahi
Starring Jafar Panahi, Hana Saeidi
Production company  Jafar Panahi Film Productions
Release dates 6 February 2015 (Berlin)
Running time 82 minutes
Country Iran
Language Persian

Taxi (full title Jafar Panahi's Taxi; Persian: تاکسی‎‎), also known as Taxi Tehran, is a 2015 Iranian docufiction starring and directed by Jafar Panahi. The film premiered in competition at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival where it won the Golden Bear and the FIPRESCI Prize.[4] In 2010, Panahi was banned from making films and travelling, so his niece Hana Saeidi, who also appears in the film, collected the award on his behalf.

Similar to Abbas Kiarostami's A Taste of Cherry (1997) and Ten (2002), Taxi has been described as "a portrait of the Iranian capital Tehran" and as a "documentary-like film is set in a Tehran taxi that is driven by Panahi" with passengers who "candidly confide[d]" to Panahi. According to Jean-Michel Frodon, the passengers include "Men and women, young and old, rich and poor, traditionalists and modernists, pirated video vendors, and advocates of human rights, [who sit] in the passenger seat of the inexperienced driver [who they refer to as] Harayé Panahi (Aghaye Panahi, آقای پناهی), 'Mr. Panahi'." The passengers are played by non-professional actors, whose identities remain anonymous.

Like his previous two films This Is Not a Film and Closed Curtain, the film was made despite Panahi's 20-year ban from making films. His previous two films had been shot in extreme secrecy in Panahi's apartment and in a private house. In this film Panahi filmed out in the open on the streets of Tehran.

Shortly after the film's premiere at Berlin was announced, Panahi released an official statement in which he promised to continue making films despite the ban and said "Nothing can prevent me from making films since when being pushed to the ultimate corners I connect with my inner-self and, in such private spaces, despite all limitations, the necessity to create becomes even more of an urge."

Reception
The film currently holds a score of 91/100 on Metacritic, based on 25 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim."

Taxi won the Golden Bear prize at the 2015 Berlin International Film Festival. Because Panahi was legally unable to leave Iran to attend the festival, his niece Hana Saeidi (who appears in the film) was there to accept the award on his behalf.[12] Berlin Jury president Darren Aronofsky described the film as "a love letter to cinema...filled with love for his art, his community, his country and his audience."

In an interview following the win at Berlin, Panahi pleaded with authorities to allow his film to be screened publicly in Iran. The Iranian government’s film branch, the Cinema Organisation, offered a statement that was at once celebratory and critical, congratulating Panahi for the win while accusing the Berlin Film Festival of spreading misunderstanding by awarding the prize to Panahi.

Box office
The film opened in Italy on August 27, 2015 where it earned the ninth place spot, grossing $124,280 from 41 screens. It stayed in the ninth position the following week, but saw a 54% increase to end the weekend with $191,688 (thus bringing its cute to $396,526). The movie dropped to 12th place in its third week with $122,970, while increasing the screen count to 82. It's three-week cumulative total is $597,093.

It also has opened in Austria where it has made $110,446 since opening on July 24, 2015.

As of December 30, the film has a worldwide total of $3,353,426.

圖:互聯網
文字來源:
http://www.filmcritics.org.hk/node/1861
http://app2.atmovies.com.tw/film/filmdataApp2.cfm?filmid=ftir34359416&fr=blade05
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_(2015_film)

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